Broken access control vulnerabilities arise when an application fails to properly enforce restrictions on what authenticated users are allowed to do. Attackers can exploit broken access controls to gain unauthorized access to sensitive functions and data, such as viewing other users' private information or modifying data.

Cryptographic failures occur when cryptographic algorithms or protocols are used incorrectly, leading to security vulnerabilities. Common cryptographic failures include weak key management, insecure random number generation, and improper usage of cryptographic functions.

Injection flaws, such as SQL, NoSQL, OS, and LDAP injection, occur when untrusted data is sent to an interpreter as part of a command or query. The attacker's hostile data can trick the interpreter into executing unintended commands or accessing data without proper authorization.

Insecure design refers to flaws in the overall design of an application or system that create security vulnerabilities. These flaws may include inadequate threat modeling, lack of secure architecture, or failure to consider security requirements during the design phase.

Security misconfiguration occurs when security settings are not implemented or are configured incorrectly. This can happen at any level of an application stack, including the web server, application server, database, platform, or framework. Attackers can exploit security misconfigurations to gain unauthorized access, escalate privileges, and execute arbitrary code.

Vulnerable and outdated components refer to the use of third-party libraries, frameworks, or software components that contain known security vulnerabilities or are not up-to-date with security patches. Attackers can exploit these vulnerabilities to compromise the security of the application.

Identification and authentication failures occur when an application fails to properly verify the identity of users or fails to adequately authenticate users before granting access to sensitive functionality or data. Attackers can exploit identification and authentication failures to gain unauthorized access to the application.

Software and data integrity failures occur when an application fails to properly validate and protect the integrity of data throughout its lifecycle. This can include failure to detect unauthorized changes to data, improper handling of input data, or lack of sufficient data validation.

Security logging and monitoring failures refer to the lack of adequate mechanisms for recording and monitoring security events within an application or environment. Without proper logging and monitoring, attackers can operate undetected, making it difficult to detect security breaches, investigate incidents, and respond effectively to threats.

Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) vulnerabilities occur when an attacker can manipulate the requests sent by an application to access resources on the server's internal network or other external systems. Attackers can exploit SSRF vulnerabilities to bypass access controls, access sensitive data, or perform unauthorized actions.